Pickering Test Solutions are now available in bottle sizes of 200 mL, 950 mL and Carboys 10 mL – 20 mL
A large part of the research and development effort for Pickering Test Solutions line of artificial body fluids for product testing is responding to customer’s specific requirements for a testing protocol. Often a specific protocol is the beginning of a completely unique formulation for that customer.
Recently we are discovering that customers require more than the standard 200mL bottles for these products. With guidance from our customers we are now offering 950 mL and the Carboy 10 L – 20L size containers for many of the these products and offering cases purchases for these different containers.
We would like to congratulate our grand prize winners of our last newsletter’s word problem quiz: Helene Lachance from Shur-Gain Nutreco, Narjes Ghafoori from LA County Environmental Toxicology Lab, and Tom Schneider from Suffolk County Water Authority!
From Mrs. Prindables website, “Two fine apples come topped with a fair pair of fowl… sure to be gobbled up with delight. One Triple Chocolate Jumbo apple and one Milk Chocolate Walnut Pecan Jumbo apple topped with our whimsical new turkey ornaments. Make them the centerpiece of your Thanksgiving celebration. Sure to brighten your Fall gathering! Each apple weighs Approx. 1.25-1.5 lbs. Serves 8-10.
Additionally, we will be sending our winners a $100 gift card for Williams-Sonoma to aid in their Thanksgiving Day preparations!
We would like to thank all of you for your submissions!
Thank you!
Pickering Labs
The correct answers to the Michael Pickering Scavenger Hunt:
Question One:
Through what organization did Michael first meet Laszlo Torma, our recently retired Director of Technical Relations?
Answer: AOAC
Question Two:
To whom is the famous quote “Chance favors the prepared mind” attributed?
Answer: Louis Pasteur
Question Three:
How long was Michael’s train ride from Anchorage to Fairbanks?
Answer: Eight hours
Question Four:
What phthalate caused Michael so much consternation both during school and later in a customer’s laboratory?
Answer: Di-octylphthalate
Question Five:
Michael suggests recipe using saffron – what is he cooking?
Answer: Poached white fish with saffron infused lime sauce
Chromatography Quiz #20: Amino Acids Analysis
Identify the error made when running the Amino Acids chromatogram below and win a prize! Simply email your answer as well as your full contact information to Rebecca at rlsmith@pickeringlabs.com by December 15th, 2015 in order to win. You will receive email confirmation that your submission has been received. The answer to the quiz and winner congratulations will be published in the next issue (to be anonymous, please notify Rebecca in submission).
Amino Acid Analysis – Reduced Peak Areas
Pinnacle PCX post-column instrument is being used, in a traditional HPLC setup as recommended by Pickering Laboratories. The reference chromatogram and troubleshooting chromatogram are both shown. The quiz question: what is causing the reduced peak areas problem?
Hint: Please assume the same Trione reagent is being used for both chromatograms.
Normal/reference post-column conditions for amino acid analysis:
Reagent: Trione
Reactor: 130 °C, 0.5 mL
Reagent flow rate: 0.3 mL/min
Detection: UV-Vis Detector = 570 nm for primary amino acids, = 440 nm for secondary amino acids
This name encompasses the category of chemicals that living organisms make which are not used in their normal growth, development, or reproduction. They are a staggering array of chemical structures and properties. Antibiotics are largely produced by bacteria, and a large variety of mammalian toxins are of fungal origin. Pigments are produced by both botanicals and insects. The peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, produces the hallucinogenic alkaloid mescaline. Fugu, the Chinese puffer fish, harbor symbiotically produced tetrodotoxin.
The producers of these exotic structures usually must isolate them to keep them out of the traffic of their living processes. They can interfere with everyday life, or more often are toxic for the producer. Dalea emoryi (aka dyebush) makes an intense red pigment that it stores in blister-like vesicles on its bark. Coyotillo shrubs, Karwinskia humboldtiana, make deadly neurotoxins which they store in the seeds, discouraging browsing animals such as cattle, deer, and sheep from eating them. (You can read more about this plant in a previous newsletter: Coyotillo in Del Rio, Texas)
Lotus scoparius, or deer weed, makes a water-soluble flavinoid, which is a biodegradable germination inhibitor, and stores in its seeds. Upon first rain, this compound sterilizes the surrounding ground so that no seeds can germinate. The result is that competitive weed seeds rot. When the second rain comes, the deer weed seeds germinate with nothing but clear sky surrounding them.
Sometimes, we can see a competitive advantage of the presence of these chemicals: attracting pollinators, protective insects, or mates, or discouraging predators, competitors, or tramplers. But often not. Today’s musings are about two species (an insect and a botanical): Daclylopius coccus and Citrus sinensis.
"Gusano Rojo", Dactylopius coccus
Red dyes produced by insects have been and remain among the most important dyestuffs in human commerce. Before the Americas were exploited, the most abundant source of red pigments was the Asian scale insects and their excretions. This broad class of quinoid dyes bind permanently to proteinaceous substrates (in dye talk they are ‘fast’) such as wool and silk. Historically, they have also been used as art pigments.
Early in the 16th century, the Spanish introduced the world to the American cochineal, and the Asian scale insects were doomed to a mere historical reference.
The females of this American species that feeds on cactus provide the popular Latino name “red worm.” Interestingly, Dactylopius coccus is not actually a worm, but is part of the cochineal family. By dry weight, the females can produce an astounding double digit percentage of pigment. The pigments have great variation of color and intensity (Carminic Acid extinction coefficient 6800, Laccaic Acid A extinction coefficient 43700). The commercial growers of the pigment use the cactus Indian Fig Opuntia (Opuntia ficus-indica) to feed the caterpillars, whose fruit and tender young shoots are also popular in Latino diets. The same insects in a blue agave farm are considered a pest.
Because of the significance of these insect-derived pigments in human history, they are the subject of anthropological study in ancient art. In 2004, we were invited into the study by the Department of Conservation and Scientific Research of the Smithsonian Institute. Although the pigments have long wavelength chromophores (little or no interference) and large extinction coefficients, the sample size is only 2-5 ng to minimize damage. As the pigments are only a small component of the sample, adequate detection requires a post-column reaction to make the pigments fluorescent. We made them an inert system as the reagent AlCl3 is a powerful reducing agent, which translates as very corrosive to hardware. During the reaction, the Al3+ reduces the quinone to a hydroquinone, which chelates the spent Al3+ and makes the entire complex fluorescent.
Oranges, Citrus sinensis
Valencia oranges produces two main bitter principles, Limonin, a terpenoid, and Naringin, a flavenoid, which it mainly stores in its seeds. The seeds are easily removed when the fruit is harvested for juice. Lacking seeds, the navel orange must develop a different storage strategy.
The navel orange stores the Limonin and Naringin as tasteless precursors (at neutral pH) in the peel, concentrated in the vestigial seed, the navel end. When the orange is juiced, the membranes are torn and spill their contents into the acidic juice. The acidity catalyzes the hydrolytic elimination of a sugar from a tertiary alcohol and facilitates a ring-closure to form a lactone, the bitter Limonin.
The tasteless Naringin precursor reacts similarly.
California, and I am sure other commercial orange-producing areas, has strict standards for exportability of the whole fruit, size being paramount. Thus, the most important commercial value in un-exportable fruit is the juice. One hundred percent navel orange juice is unpalatably bitter.
It is my opinion, and I encourage you to compare, that non-specific blended frozen orange juice concentrates contain a noticeable amount of navel orange juice. Pure Valencia concentrate is available, so do the experiment and voice your opinion. We will post opinions (with your bylines, or make up a cool avatar name) in the next newsletter.
1) Peyote photo from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peyote_Cactus.jpg#file
2) Puffer fish Photo by Mikael:
http://www.gastroville.com/2009/12/06/tidbits-from-japan/
3) Cochineal Photos from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochineal
As some of you probably noticed, a number of Pickering Laboratories products are now arriving with different looking labels. In addition to the product name, part number, lot number and expiration date, the labels now also display red and black pictograms as well as a lot of fine print text. What is going on?
We would like to first reassure our loyal customers that you are getting the correct product and absolutely nothing about the formulation of our products has changed. Beginning June 1, 2015 OSHA enacted modifications to its Hazard Communication Standard to align it with GHS specifications. This means that all companies manufacturing and selling chemicals are now required to comply with GHS specifications when labeling their products. This also means that the information listed in Safety Data Sheets (SDS) needed to be updated and presented in a standardized way.
Pickering Laboratories has been working for several months on updating our Safety Data Sheets to comply with new regulations. We encourage all of our customers to visit our website at www.pickeringlabs.com/library/material-safety-data-sheets/ and download new SDSs for your records.
We also spend a lot of time designing GHS-compliant labels for our products which proved not as easy as one might think! A lot of our products come in small bottles and fitting all the required information was a tall order. We would like to particularly thank Anita Gribaldo, who was responsible for formatting the text for all our new labels, for her patience and perseverance. She has done a great job and we are really proud of our new look.
According to our updated Safety Data Sheets there are now a small number of Pickering products that require treatment as hazardous materials during shipment. Rebecca Smith, Tony McIsaac and I spend several days at IATA training learning more than we ever wanted to know about shipping lithium batteries, dry ice as well as chemicals like Thiofluor and OPA. We saw some graphic pictures of what can happen to lithium batteries if they are not packaged and shipped correctly so our new motto is “Friends don’t allow friends to ship lithium batteries without IATA certification”.
Please be assured that all chemicals leaving Pickering Laboratories are properly labeled, packaged and shipped according to DOT and IATA regulations.
Skin comes into contact with exogenous materials both intentionally and unintentionally. These materials will interact with skin depending on the composition and properties of the skin surface film liquids. These surface liquids are mainly made up of eccrine sweat and sebum. Sebum is an oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands, which are tiny ducts adjacent to hair follicles. Sebum is secreted into the follicle, from which it spreads over the hair and skin. The main role of sebum is to waterproof the skin and hair.
Partitioning and diffusion of molecules in a topical use product within human sebum would influence the success or failure of this product. By doing quality testing during the development and production of cosmetics and other topical use products under artificial conditions, manufacturers can be assured of product performance in advance of consumer use. Another use would be in evaluating the efficacy of home laundry products and conditions to remove stains from fabric. Testing is not limited to fabric or topic use products and can be extended to anything that will come in contact with human skin.
Pickering Laboratories Inc. is now offering artificial sebum according to D4265-14 in 25 g quantities for product testing. We also sell artificial eccrine perspiration and a variety of industry-specific perspiration formulations. All formulations are available with an optional stabilizing preservative or at a custom pH to fit your specific needs. Pickering Labs also produces proprietary custom formulations to meet individual customers’ in-house specifications.
Pickering Laboratories exhibited at the National Environmental Measurement Symposium in Chicago July 13 – 17. This meeting combines NEMC (National Environmental Measurement Conference) with NELAC (National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Committee). Billed as the largest conference on environmental monitoring in North America.
Rebecca Smith presented our Poster “Analysis of Glufosinate and Glyphosate in Water by HPLC with Post-Column Derivatization”. With the rise of Glyphosate resistance Glufosinate is expanding in usage by agriculture and testing requirements.
On exhibit were Pickering’s environmental and contaminates testing products and methods:
Carbamate, Glyphosate, AMPA, Glufonsinate
Nitrite and Nitrate
Chromium (VI)
Biogenic Amines
Formaldehyde
Aminoglycosides Antibiotics
Polyether Antibiotics
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins
The NACRW 2015 (North American Pesticide Residue Workshop) in St. Pete’s beach,is also an environmental testing conference organized by the non-profit FLAG an off shoot of Florida Department of Agriculture. We have been attending this show since the 80’s when George Fong created the Florida Pesticide Residue Workshop. As the show has grown the subject matter has widened to include food and supplements analysis and other areas of growth.
Mike Gottschalk and Sareeta Nerkar attended this year and presented the Poster “Analysis of Antioxidants in Food and Dietary supplements using HPLC with Post-Column derivatization.” Sareeta was a new volunteer at the registration desk for much of the show.
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines requirements for the qualitative and quantitative composition of medicines, as well as the tests to be carried out on medicines and on substances and materials used in their production. More
Guaranteed Chemistry
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